A new strategy for accelerating recovery of anaerobic granular sludge after low-temperature shock: In situ regulation of quorum sensing microorganisms embedded in polyvinyl alcohol sodium alginate.

Low-temperature could inhibit the performance of anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS). Quorum sensing (QS), as a communication mode between microorganisms, can effectively regulate AnGS. In this study, a kind of embedded particles (PVA/SA@Serratia) based on signal molecule secreting bacteria was prepared by microbial immobilization technology based on polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate to accelerate the recovery of AnGS system after low temperature. Low-temperature shock experiment verified the positive effect of PVA/SA@Serratia on restoring the COD removal rate and methanogenesis capacity of AnGS. Further analysis by metagenomics analysis showed that PVA/SA@Serratia stimulated higher QS activity and promoted the secretion of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in AnGS. The rapid construction of EPS protective layer effectively accelerated the establishment of a robust microbial community structure. PVA/SA@Serratia also enhanced multiple methanogenic pathways, including direct interspecies electron transfer. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that PVA/SA@Serratia could effectively strengthen AnGS after low-temperature shock.

Effect of magnetic field coupled magnetic biochar on membrane bioreactor efficiency, membrane fouling mitigation and microbial communities.

The excitation by magnetic field was established to mitigate the membrane fouling of magnetic biochar (MB)-supplemented membrane bioreactor (MBR) in this study. The results showed that the transmembrane pressure (TMP) increase rates decreased by about 8 % after introducing the magnetic field compared with the magnetic biochar-MBR (MB-MBR). Membrane characterization suggested that the flocs in the magnetic field-magnetic biochar-MBR (MF-MB-MBR) formed a highly permeable developed cake layer, and a fluffier and more porous deposited layer on membrane surface, which minimized fouling clogging of the membrane pores. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that the decrease in contact angle of fouled membrane surface in MF-MB-MBR, i.e. an enhanced membrane hydrophilicity, is considered important for forming highly permeable layers. Additionally, the magnetic field was demonstrated to have a positive effect on the improvement of the magneto-biological effect, the enhancement of charge neutralization and adsorption bridging between sludge and magnetic biochar, and the reduction of formation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), which all yielded sludge flocs with a large pore structure conducive to form a fluffy and porous deposited layer in the membrane surface. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that the magnetic field also led to a reduction in microbial diversity, and that it promoted the enrichment of specific functional microbial communities (e.g. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes) playing an important role in mitigating membrane fouling. Taken together, this study of magnetic field-enhanced magnetic biochar for MBR membrane fouling mitigation provides insights important new ideas for more effective and sustainable operation strategies.

Comprehensive carbon footprint analysis of wastewater treatment: A case study of modified cyclic activated sludge technology for low carbon source urban wastewater treatment.

To reduce pollution and carbon emissions, a quantitative evaluation of the carbon footprint of the wastewater treatment processes is crucial. However, micro carbon element flow analysis is rarely focused considering treatment efficiency of different technology. In this research, a comprehensive carbon footprint analysis is established under the micro carbon element flow analysis and macro carbon footprint analysis based on life cycle assessment (LCA). Three wastewater treatment processes (i.e., anaerobic anoxic oxic, A2O; cyclic activated sludge technology, CAST; modified cyclic activated sludge technology, M-CAST) for low carbon source urban wastewater are selected. The micro key element flow analysis illustrated that carbon source mainly flows to the assimilation function to promote microorganism growth. The carbon footprint analysis illustrated that M-CAST as the optimal wastewater treatment process had the lowest global warming potential (GWP). The key to reduce carbon emissions is to limit electricity consumption in wastewater treatment processes. Under the comprehensive carbon footprint analysis, M-CAST has the lowest environmental impact with low carbon emissions. The sensitivity analysis results revealed that biotreatment section variables considerably reduced the environmental impact on the LCA and the GWP, followed by the sludge disposal section. With this research, the optimization scheme can guide wastewater treatment plants to optimize relevant treatment sections and reduce pollution and carbon emissions.

Unraveling biological behavior and influence of magnetic iron-based nanoparticles in algal-bacterial systems: A comprehensive review.

Magnetic iron-based nanoparticles have been found to stimulate algae growth and harvest, repair disintegrated particles and improve stability, and facilitate operation in extreme environments, which help improve the wide application of algal-bacterial technology. Nevertheless, up to now, no literature collected to systematically review the research progress of on the employment of magnetic iron-based nanoparticles in the algal-bacterial system. This review summarizes the special effects (e.g., size effect, surface effect and biological effect) and corresponding properties of magnetic iron-based nanoparticles (e.g., magnetism, adsorption, electricity, etc.), which is closely related to biological effects and algal-bacterial behaviors. Additionally, it was found that magnetic iron-based nanoparticles offer remarkable impacts on improving the growth and metabolism of algal-bacterial consortia and the mechanisms mainly include its possible iron uptake pathways in bacteria and/or algae cells, as well as the magnetic biological effect of magnetic iron-based nanoparticles on algae-bacteria growth. Furthermore, in terms of the mechanism for establishing the algae-bacteria symbiotic relationship, the most recent works reveal that the charge effect, material transfer and signal transmission of magnetic iron-based nanoparticles possess a large array of potential mechanisms by which it can affect the establishment of algal-bacterial symbiosis. This discussion is expected to promote the progress of magnetic iron-based nanoparticles, as an eco-friendly, convenient and cost-effective technology that can be applied in algal-bacterial wastewater treatment fields.

A comprehensive study on the co-removal of Cr (VI) and ciprofloxacin via microbial-photocatalytic coupling: Mechanistic insights and performance evaluation.

The increasing contamination of water systems by antibiotics and heavy metals has become a growing concern. The intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) approach offers a promising strategy for the effective removal of mixed pollutants. Despite some prior research on ICPB applications, the mechanism by which ICPB eliminates mixed pollutants remains unclear. In our current study, the ICPB approach achieved approximately 1.53 times the degradation rate of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and roughly 1.82 times the reduction rate of Cr (VI) compared to photocatalysis. Remarkably, after 30 days, the ICPB achieved a 96.1% CIP removal rate, and a 97.8% reduction in Cr (VI). Our investigation utilized three-dimensional fluorescence analysis and photo-electrochemical characterization to unveil the synergistic effects of photocatalysis and biodegradation in removal of CIP and Cr (VI). Incorporation of B-Bi3O4Cl (B-BOC) photocatalyst facilitated electron-hole separation, leading to production of ·O2-, ·OH, and h+ species which interacted with CIP, while electrons reduced Cr (VI). Subsequently, the photocatalytic products were biodegraded by a protective biofilm. Furthermore, we observed that CIP, acting as an electron donor, promoted the reduction of Cr (VI). The microbial communities revealed that the number of bacteria favoring pollutant removal increased during ICPB operation, leading to a significant enhancement in performance.

Regulation of extracellular polymers based on quorum sensing in wastewater biological treatment from mechanisms to applications: A critical review.

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) regulated by quorum sensing (QS) could directly mediate adhesion between microorganisms and form tight microbial aggregates. Besides, EPS have redox properties, which can facilitate electron transfer for promoting electroactive bacteria. Currently, the applications research on improving wastewater biological treatment performance based on QS regulated EPS have been widely reported, but reviews on the level of QS regulated EPS to enhance EPS function in microbial systems are still lacking. This work proposes the potential mechanisms of EPS synthesis by QS regulation from the viewpoint of material metabolism and energy metabolism, and summarizes the effects of QS on EPS synthesis. By synthesizing the role of QS in EPS regulation, we further point out the applications of QS-regulated EPS in wastewater biological treatment, which involve a series of aspects such as strengthening microbial colonization, mitigating membrane biofouling, improving the shock resistance of microbial metabolic systems, and strengthening the electron transfer capacity of microbial metabolic systems. According to this comprehensive review, future research on QS-regulated EPS should focus on the exploration of the micro-mechanisms, and economic regulation strategies for QS-regulated EPS should be developed, while the stability of QS-regulated EPS in long-term production experimental research should be further demonstrated.

Efficient Blade-Coated p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Enabled by Effective Molecular N Doping.

N doping is an essential strategy to prolong electron diffusion length and improve the photovoltaic performance of p-i-n structured perovskite solar devices, but current n-dopants generally suffer from air instability, poor compatibility with perovskites, and the compensation from perovskite intrinsic defects, thus limiting their doping effectiveness. To address these issues, in this work, a new perovskite n-doping strategy is developed by incorporating an air-stable n-dopant (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-2-carboxylate, EMIC) that has no detrimental effects on perovskite crystallinity and morphology. EMIC is soluble in most polar solvents and can be readily introduced into perovskite precursor solutions. Upon thermal annealing of perovskite films, the decarboxylation of EMIC releases imidazolylidene, a reactive species that highly tends to donate electrons and thus efficiently prolongs the electron diffusion length from 0.57 µm to over 1.21 µm. As a result, the blade-coated perovskite solar cells and modules realize high power conversion efficiencies of 24.3% and 20.6% at 7.4 mm2 and 25.0 cm2 aperture areas, respectively.

Full hardware implementation of neuromorphic visual system based on multimodal optoelectronic resistive memory arrays for versatile image processing.

In-sensor and near-sensor computing are becoming the next-generation computing paradigm for high-density and low-power sensory processing. To fulfil a high-density and efficient neuromorphic visual system with fully hierarchical emulation of the retina and visual cortex, emerging multimodal neuromorphic devices for multi-stage processing and a fully hardware-implemented system with versatile image processing functions are still lacking and highly desirable. Here we demonstrate an emerging multimodal-multifunctional resistive random-access memory (RRAM) device array based on modified silk fibroin protein (MSFP), exhibiting both optoelectronic RRAM (ORRAM) mode featured by unique negative and positive photoconductance memory and electrical RRAM (ERRAM) mode featured by analogue resistive switching. A full hardware implementation of the artificial visual system with versatile image processing functions is realised for the first time, including ORRAM mode array for the in-sensor image pre-processing (contrast enhancement, background denoising, feature extraction) and ERRAM mode array for near-sensor high-level image recognition, which hugely improves the integration density, and simply the circuit design and the fabrication and integration complexity.

Dual function of magnetic field in enhancing antibiotic wastewater treatment by an integrated photocatalysis and fluidized bed biofilm reactor (FBBR).

The integrated photocatalysis and fluidized bed biofilm reactor (FBBR) is an attractive wastewater treatment technique for managing wastewater containing antibiotics. However, the fast recombination of photoinduced charge and low microbial activity limit the degradation and mineralization efficiency for antibiotics. To address this, we attempt to introduce magnetic field (MF) to the integrated system with B-doped Bi3O4Cl as the photocatalysts to effectively improve removal and mineralization of ciprofloxacin (CIP). As a consequence, the degradation rate reaches 96% after 40 d in integrated system with MF. The biofilm inside the integrated system with MF carrier can mineralize the photocatalytic products, thereby increasing the total organic carbon (TOC) degradation rate by more than 32%. The electrochemical experiment indicates the Lorentz force generated by MF can accelerate charge separation, increasing the electron concentration. Simultaneously, the increased amounts of electrons lead to the generation of more ·OH and ·O2-. MF addition also results in increased biomass, increased biological respiratory activity, microbial community evolution and accelerated microbial metabolism, enabling more members to biodegrade photocatalytic intermediates. Therefore, applied MF is an efficient method to enhance CIP degradation and mineralization by the integrated system.

[Analysis for Key Points of Registration Applications and Difficulties of Process Control of 3D Printed Customized Dentures].

With the highlighted advantages of 3D printing technology in the field of dental prosthodontics, there is increasing in the numbers of registration applications for additive manufacturing customized dentures. However, there is still a lack of unified analysis in the core elements of process control, the key points of registration and the safety production quality control. Based on the current research status of the industry, the study is intended to clarify confusion and difficulties, deeply analyse the mechanism of the product defects, sort the core elements of process control, then try to establish a systematic evaluation system from product performance research, key process verification, production quality control and the description of registration files, so that it can provide help for practitioners to clarify research direction, establishing quality management system, improving the efficiency of registration and ensuring product quality.

Effects of lysed sludge reflux point on ultrasound lysis-cryptic growth in anaerobic/aerobic (A/O) wastewater treatment: Sludge reduction, microbial community, and metabolism.

Ultrasonication allows sludge reduction to be performed in situ during wastewater treatment, and the reflux point of the lysed sludge affects this performance. This study investigated the effects of reflux point (anaerobic stage, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) lowest stage, and aerobic stage) on sludge lysis-cryptic growth in an anaerobic/aerobic reactor and variations in the sludge and microbial community. The best reflux point occurred at the lowest C/N ratio stage, and a 50.96% reduction in excess sludge was achieved. The reflux of the lysed sludge to the aerobic stage reduced nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The reflux of the lysed sludge decreased the average sludge size, reaching 29.2 µm when reflux to the aerobic stage. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the sludge surface was unaffected by the reflux point. The Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the most prominent variation in the intensity of the sludge functional groups occurred when the reflux was at the lowest C/N stage. The amount of extracellular polymeric substances decreased the most during reflux to the anaerobic stage. The sludge microbial communities varied with the reflux point, and the dominant phyla during reflux to the anaerobic, lowest C/N, and aerobic stages were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, respectively. Furthermore, the reflux point did not alter the metabolic pathway of sludge microorganisms but increased the number of enzymes in metabolic pathways.

Combined inhibition of surface CD51 and γ-secretase-mediated CD51 cleavage improves therapeutic efficacy in experimental metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Integrin αv (ITGAV, CD51) is regarded as a key component in multiple stages of tumor progression. However, the clinical failure of cilengitide, a specific inhibitor targeting surface CD51, suggests the importance of yet-unknown mechanisms by which CD51 promotes tumor progression. METHODS: In this study, we used several hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and murine hepatoma cell lines. To investigate the role of CD51 on HCC progression, we used a 3D invasion assay and in vivo bioluminescence imaging. We used periostin-knockout transgenic mice to uncover the role of the tumor microenvironment on CD51 cleavage. Moreover, we used several clinically relevant HCC models, including patient-derived organoids and patient-derived xenografts, to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of cilengitide in combination with the γ-secretase inhibitor LY3039478. RESULTS: We found that CD51 could undergo transmembrane cleavage by γ-secretase to produce a functional intracellular domain (CD51-ICD). The cleaved CD51-ICD facilitated HCC invasion and metastasis by promoting the transcription of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes. Furthermore, we identified cancer-associated fibroblast-derived periostin as the major driver of CD51 cleavage. Lastly, we showed that cilengitide-based therapy led to a dramatic therapeutic effect when supplemented with LY3039478 in both patient-derived organoid and xenograft models. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we revealed previously unrecognized mechanisms by which CD51 is involved in HCC progression and uncovered the underlying cause of cilengitide treatment failure, as well as providing evidence supporting the translational prospects of combined CD51-targeted therapy in the clinic. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: Integrin αv (CD51) is a widely recognized pro-tumoral molecule that plays a crucial role in various stages of tumor progression, making it a promising therapeutic target. However, despite early promising results, cilengitide, a specific antagonist of CD51, failed in a phase III clinical trial. This prompted further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of CD51's effects. This study reveals that the γ-secretase complex directly cleaves CD51 to produce an intracellular domain (CD51-ICD), which functions as a pro-tumoral transcriptional regulator and can bypass the inhibitory effects of cilengitide by entering the nucleus. Furthermore, the localization of CD51 in the nucleus is significantly associated with the prognosis of patients with HCC. These findings provide a theoretical basis for re-evaluating cilengitide in clinical settings and highlight the importance of identifying a more precise patient subpopulation for future clinical trials targeting CD51.

Micro-aeration and leachate recirculation for the acceleration of landfill stabilization: Enhanced hydrolytic acidification by facultative bacteria.

The long duration of landfill stabilization is one of the challenges faced by municipalities. In this paper, a combination of micro-aeration and leachate recirculation is used to achieve rapid degradation of organic matter in landfill waste. The results showed that the content of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the hydrolysis phase increased significantly and could enter the methanogenic phase quickly. Until the end of the landfill, the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) by micro-aeration and leachate recirculation reached 80.17 %, 48.30 % and 48.56 %, respectively, and the organic matter degradation rate reached 50 %. Micro-aeration and leachate recirculation enhanced the abundance of facultative hydrolytic bacteria such as Rummeliibacillus and Bacillus and the oxygen tolerance of Methanobrevibacter and Methanoculleus. Micro-aeration and leachate recirculation improved the organic matter degradation efficiency of landfill waste by promoting the growth of functional microorganisms.

Roles and regulation of quorum sensing in anaerobic granular sludge: Research status, challenges, and perspectives.

Anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) has a complex and important internal microbial communication system due to its unique microbial layered structure. As a concentration-dependent communication system between bacterial cells through signal molecules, QS (quorum sensing) is widespread in AnGS and exhibits great potential to regulate microbial behaviors. Therefore, the universal functions of QS in AnGS have been systematically summarized in this paper, including the influence on the metabolic activity, physicochemical properties, and microbial community of AnGS. Subsequently, the common QS-based AnGS regulation approaches are reviewed and analyzed comprehensively. The regulation mechanism of QS in AnGS is analyzed from two systems of single bacterium and mixed bacteria. This review can provide a comprehensive understanding of QS functions in AnGS systems, and promote the practical application of QS-based strategies in optimization of AnGS treatment process.

Adsorption-desorption behaviors of ciprofloxacin onto aged polystyrene fragments in aquatic environments.

As two emerging pollutants of great concern, microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics inevitably cooccur in various aquatic environments and interact with each other, impacting the fate and ecological risks. Aging obviously complicates their interaction and deserves further study. Therefore, the adsorption-desorption behaviors of ciprofloxacin (CIP) onto polystyrene (PS) fragments with various aging extent were investigated, and the key physiochemical properties influencing the interaction and the interaction mechanisms were clarified by redundancy analysis, FTIR and XPS spectra. The physicochemical properties of PS MPs were significantly changed with aging time, and the morphological and chemical changes seemed to occur asynchronously. The adsorption of CIP onto the pristine PS MPs relied on physisorption, especially the ion-involving electrostatic and cation-π interaction. Due to the hydrogen bonding formed by the C-OH, CO, and O-CO groups of PS and CIP, the adsorption capacities of the aged PS MPs were greatly increased. The desorption efficiency of CIP from MPs in the gastric fluid was closely related to the solution ionic strengths, C-OH and CO groups of MPs, while that in the intestinal fluid was associated with O-CO groups of MPs. The different impact factors could be well described by the differences in the chemical components and pHs of the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. This study gives a comprehensive understanding of the adsorption-desorption behaviors of antibiotics onto MPs at a molecular level and indicates that MPs could act as Trojan horses to transport antibiotics into aquatic organisms.

A comprehensive review on food waste anaerobic co-digestion: Research progress and tendencies.

Food waste (FW) anaerobic digestion systems are prone to imbalance during long-term operation, and the imbalance mechanism is complex. Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of FW and other substrates can overcome the performance limitations of single digestion, allowing for the mutual use of multiple wastes and resource recovery. Research on the AcoD of FW has been widely conducted and successfully applied to a practical engineering scale. Therefore, this review describes the research progress of AcoD of FW with other substrates. By analyzing the problems and challenges faced by AcoD of FW, the synergistic effects and influencing factors of different biomass wastes are discussed, and improvement strategies to improve the performance of AcoD of FW are summarized from different reaction stages of anaerobic digestion. By combing the research progress of AcoD of FW, it provides a reference for the optimization and improvement of the performance of the co-digestion system.

Mining attention distribution paradigm: Discover gaze patterns and their association rules behind the visual image.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Attention allocation reflects the way of humans filtering and organizing the information. On one hand, different task scenarios seriously affect human's rule of attention distribution, on the other hand, visual attention reflecting the cognitive and psychological process. Most of the previous studies on visual attention allocation are based on cognitive models, predicted models, or statistical analysis of eye movement data or visual images, however, these methods are inadequate to provide an inside view of gaze behavior to reveal the attention distribution pattern within scenario context. Moreover, they seldom study the association rules of these patterns. Therefore, we adopted the big data mining approach to discover the paradigm of visual attention distribution. METHODS: We applied the data mining method to extract the gaze patterns to discover the regularities of attention distribution behavior within the scenario context. The proposed method consists of three components, tasks scenario segmented and clustered, gaze pattern mining, and association rule of frequent pattern mining. RESULTS: The proposed approach is tested on the operation platform. The complex operation task is simultaneously segmented and clustered with the TICC-based method and evaluated by the BCI index. The operator's eye movement frequent patterns and their association rule are discovered. The results demonstrate that our method can associate the eye-tracking data with the task-oriented scene data. DISCUSSION: The proposed method provides the benefits of being able to explicitly express and quantitatively analyze people's visual attention patterns. The proposed method can not only be applied in the field of aerospace medicine and aviation psychology, but also can likely be applied to computer-aided diagnosis and follow-up tool for neurological disease and cognitive impairment related disease, such as ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), neglect syndrome, social attention differences in ASD (Autism spectrum disorder).

Magnetic-field-induced simultaneous charge separation and oxygen transfer in photocatalytic oxygen activation for algae inactivation.

Photocatalytic oxygen activation is an excellent strategy for algae control in water. However, the fast recombination of photogenerated charge and slow rate of oxygen transfer limit the reactive oxygen species generation efficiency for algae inactivation. Herein, to solve above issues, magnetic field was introduced to the BiO2-x/Bi3NbO7 system to effectively covert oxygen into reactive radicals. The electrochemical experiment and DFT calculation results indicated the charge separation could be accelerated by the Lorentz force generated by the magnetic field, resulting in increase of electron concentration. Meanwhile, the value of volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient was increased by 59.79 % with magnetic field, thus more oxygen could be reduced to superoxide radical. Photocatalytic algae inactivation rate by BiO2-x/Bi3NbO7 with magnetic field could be increased by 2.07 times than that without magnet filed. This work further extends the strategy of using magnetic field to simultaneously facilitate the charge separation and oxygen transfer rate.

Enhanced antibiotic wastewater degradation by intimately coupled B-Bi3O4Cl photocatalysis and biodegradation reactor: Elucidating degradation principle systematically.

Intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) is an emerging technology that has potential applications in the degradation of bio-recalcitrant pollutants. However, the interaction principles between photocatalysts and biofilms in ICPB have not been well developed. This article covers a cooperative degradation scheme coupling photocatalysis and biodegradation for efficient degradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin (CIP) using ICPB with B-doped Bi3O4Cl as the photocatalyst. In consequence, a removal rate of ∼95 % is reached after 40 d. The biofilms inside the ICPB carriers can mineralize the photocatalytic products, thus improving the removal rate of total organic carbon (TOC) by more than 20 %. Interior biofilms are not destroyed by CIP or photocatalysis, and they adapt to ICPB of CIP by enriching in Pseudoxanthomonas, Ferruginibacter, Clostridium, Stenotrophomonas and Comamonas and reconstructing their microbial communities using energy produced by the light-excited photoelectrons. Furthermore, this research gives new opinion into the degradation principles of the ICPB system.

Enhanced landfill process based on leachate recirculation and micro-aeration: A comprehensive technical, environmental, and economic assessment.

The landfill is still the primary waste treatment method in developing countries. Due to the long stability time and long-term occupation of a large amount of land, the landfill poses a significant threat to the ecological environment and affects the process of urbanization. This study conducted a landfill simulation reactor (LSR) experiment to achieve rapid landfill stabilization through micro-aeration and leachate recirculation. More than 60 % of the degradable organic carbon in the enhanced process (LSR-IV contains 24 % of the retained carbon) can be relatively quickly converted to a gaseous state, which is nearly half higher than the degradation efficiency of the traditional process (LSR-I contains 59.3 % of the retained carbon). A comprehensive environmental assessment is developed for the enhanced process, and better environmental benefits are obtained from the whole landfill process. Compared with conventional treatment process, the enhanced process is applied to the actual landfill to analyze the economic cost. In terms of the total cost, the enhanced process cost (60.1 CNY) is about 44 % lower than the conventional landfill process cost (107.6 CNY). The enhanced process saves nearly half of the time cost and reduces the cost of land acquisition. This study can provide a reference for governmental and municipal administrations to carry out the technological transformation of traditional landfills from the aspects of technology, economy and environment.